TD 

468 


UC-NRLF 


C    B    b7S    102 


YF  01056 


niimiimimiH  niiiiiiiiiiiiiini  iiiiiiiiiiiniiiiii  IHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIH  uiiiiiiiiiniiiiii  niiiiiiiiiiiiiii  uiuiiiiiiiiiiiii! 


CHLORINE 

CONTROL  APPARATUS 

For  "Water  and  Sewage 
Purification 


INC 


Wallace  &  Tiernan  Co™ 
NEW  YORK. 


Illllllllllllllllltl    Illlllllllllllllli!    UIUIIIIIIIIIIIII    illlllllllllllllllll    Illllllllllllllllll    IlllilHlllllllllll    Illllllllllllllllll 


iiiiiniiimimii  iiiiitiiiiiiiiinii  IIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIII  liiiiiiiiiiiniiiii  iiiiiiiiniiiiiiiii  iiiiiiiiiiiiiini  uuiiii  iiiiiiiiii 


CHLORINE 

CONTROL  APPARATUS 

For  'Water  and  Sewage 
Purification 


Wallace  &  Tiernan  Co™. 

NEW  YORK.  ".':;•.•..;:•.; 

*•.".  i  . •  *  ' *  *•  •  • ' 


COPYRIGHT,  1915,  BY  WALLACE  &  TIERNAN  Co.,  INC. 


DOUGLAS  CMcMuRTWE 


a, 


Chlorine  Control  Apparatus 

For  Water  and  Sewage  Purification 

The  value  of  liquid  chlorine  in  the  destruction  of  germ  life  in  water  is  a 
discovery  of  comparatively  recent  date.  Yet  current  investigation  and  ex- 
perience show  it  to  be  the  most  efficient  agent  available. 

Liquid  chlorine  is  rapidly  superseding  the  use  of  chloride  of  lime  and 
other  methods  dependent  on  the  introduction  of  solids  in  admixture  with  the 
water. 

The  application  of  liquid  chlorine  to  the  water  to  be  purified  is,  however, 
ordinarily  fraught  with  difficulties  arising  from  the  very  activity  of  the  gas 
itself.  Though  very  real,  these  difficulties  are  entirely  overcome  in  the  de- 
sign and  construction  of  the  control  apparatus  manufactured  by  Wallace  and 
Tiernan — the  only  appliances  on  the  market  at  the  present  time  adequate 
to  meet  all  the  requirements  of  handling  chlorine  in  the  liquid  or  gaseous 
state  for  the  purification  of  water  and  sewage. 

Messrs.  Wallace  and  Tiernan  especially  invite  consideration,  by  en- 
gineers and  others  interested  in  water  purification,  of  the  details  of  design 
and  the  perfection  of  mechanical  construction.  These  matters  are  discussed 
fully  in  succeeding  pages. 

The  other  notable  feature  in  the  apparatus  offered  is  the  variety  of 
available  types  to  meet  varied  needs  and  requirements. 

There  is  set  forth  in  the  present  publication  a  description  of  the  different 
types  of  Wallace  and  Tiernan  apparatus,  following  a  general  discussion  of 
the  history,  theory,  and  practice  of  utilizing  chlorine  for  water  purification. 

HISTORY 

The  use  of  liquid  chlorine  is  an  evolution  of  the  process  of  sterilization 
by  chlorination.  Various  compounds  of  chlorine — notably  calcium  hypo- 
chlorite  or  'chloride  of  lime' — were  largely  used  at  first,  and  were  applied  in 
solution  to  the  water  or  sewage  to  be  treated.  But  this  method  involved 
so  many  difficulties  and  presented  so  many  unsatisfactory  features  that 
liquid  chlorine  is  now  gradually  supplanting  these  various  compounds. 

[3] 


310409 


In  1896,  James  Hargreaves  of  Liverpool,  England,  in  a  paper  read 
before  the  Liverpool  Polytechnic  Society,  discussed  the  disinfection  of 
sewage  by  means  of  chlorine  manufactured  by  the  electrolysis  of  salt. 

One  of  the  first  investigations  into  the  sterilization  of  water  and  sewage 
by  chlorine  and  its  compounds  in  this  country  was  carried  on  by  Prof.  Earle 
B.  Phelps  in  1906  and  1907,  and  the  development  of  the  process  is  largely 
due  to  the  published  data  and  reports  of  his  work. 

The  first  recorded  attempt,  in  this  country,  to  sterilize  water  on  a  large 
scale  by  the  process  of  chlorination  was  made  at  the  Bubbly  Creek  water 
filtration  plant  at  the  Union  Stock  yards,  Chicago.  Calcium  hypochlorite 
was  the  compound  used  in  this  case,  and  the  results  accomplished  justified 
the  acceptance  of  the  process  as  a  highly  important  method  of  water  purifi- 
cation. 

Further  research  into  the  utilization  of  pure  chlorine  as  a  sterilizing 
agent  was  done  by  Dr.  C.  R.  Darnall,  Major  of  the  Medical  Corps,  U.  S.  A., 
in  1910.  Under  Dr.  Darnall's  supervision  an  experimental  apparatus  for 
applying  chlorine  gas  to  water  was  constructed  at  Fort  Myer,  Va.  A  board 
of  officers,  appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  War  to  investigate  the  operation 
of  the  apparatus,  reported  favorably  and  recommended  the  adoption  of  this 
method  of  water  treatment. 

Further  experiments  along  this  line  were  made  in  1911  and  1912  by 
several  independent  investigators — notably  C.  F.  Wallace,  M.  F.  Tiernan, 
George  Ornstein,  Seth  M.  VanLoan,  John  A.  Kienle,  and  D.  D.  Jackson. 

Developments  in  the  process  and  in  the  apparatus  necessary  for  the 
application  of  liquid  chlorine  were  rapidly  made.  At  the  present  time, 
over  two  billion  gallons  of  water  are  being  sterilized  daily  by  this  method. 

LIQUID   CHLORINE   VS.    CHLORIDE   OF   LIME 

Liquid  chlorine  is  a  far  more  efficient  and  economical  sterilizing  agent 
than  chloride  of  lime.  Some  of  its  specific  advantages  may  be  briefly  dis- 
cussed. . 

In  the  first  place  liquid  chlorine  is  an  absolutely  pure  chemical.  It  is 
usually  placed  on  the  market  in  small  cylinders  which  require  very  little 
space  for  storing,  while  chloride  of  lime  is  very  bulky. 

The  disagreeable  odors  and  corrosive  effects  of  chloride  of  lime  are 
absent  in  the  use  of  liquid  chlorine,  when  controlled  by  efficient  apparatus. 

Chloride  of  lime  deteriorates  rapidly,  whereas  liquid  chlorine  retains 

[4] 


its  full  efficiency  indefinitely.  This  is  one  of  the  greatest  advantages  to  be 
derived  from  the  use  of  liquid  chlorine,  especially  for  small  installations. 

Under  working  conditions,  due  to  necessary  waste  of  bleach,  one 
pound  of  liquid  chlorine  is  equal  in  sterilizing  value  to  eight  pounds  of 
chloride  of  lime.  The  sterilization  is  also  more  uniform. 

Water  treated  with  liquid  chlorine  is  less  liable  to  taste  or  odor,  due 
to  the  more  accurate  control  possible. 

The  liquid  chlorine  apparatus  is  far  more  compact  than  the  installation 
for  chloride  of  lime. 

The  liquid  chlorine  process  is  applicable  under  any  conditions  and  all 
pressures.  It  is  adapted  to  remote  control.  The  gas  can  be  controlled  by 
automatic  feed. 

With  liquid  chlorine  the  freezing  difficulties  encountered  in  the  use  of 
chloride  of  lime  are  entirely  obviated. 

As  between  the  two  sterilizing  agents,  the  costs  of  chemicals  are  about 
the  same,  but  the  costs  of  installation  and  operation  are  greatly  in  favor  of 
liquid  chlorine. 

METHOD    AND   APPARATUS 

Chlorine  gas,  compressed  to  liquid  state  in  iron  cylinders  holding  a 
hundred  pounds,  is  controlled  and  measured  by  the  apparatus  and  intro- 
duced into  the  water  or  sewage  in  the  proper  proportion  to  effect  sterilization. 

There  are  two  general  types  of  apparatus,  one  by  which  the  chlorine 
gas  is  introduced  directly  into  the  water  or  sewage  and  the  other  by  which 
the  chlorine  gas  is  first  dissolved  in  a  small  quantity  of  water  and  the  result- 
ing chlorine  solution  piped  to  the  point  of  application,  the  first  type  being 
called  a  dry  feed  and  the  second  type  a  wet  feed. 

Each  general  type  is  furnished  for  either  manual  or  automatic  control— 
the  automatic  being  a  proportional  feed  apparatus,  that  is,  it  varies  the  flow  of 
chlorine  in  proportion  to  varying  flows  of  water  or  sewage. 

ADVANTAGES  IN  CONSTRUCTION 

There  are  many  advantages  in  the  construction  and  design  of  all  Wal- 
lace and  Tierrian  apparatus  to  which  especial  attention  is  directed. 

Simplicity  in  Design.  There  are  no  moving  parts  to  get  out  of  order 
or  adjustment. 

Compactness.  Shipment  by  express  is  easy  and  inexpensive.  The 
apparatus  can  be  sent  completely  assembled,  ready  for  operation.  Installa- 

[5] 


tion  is  a  matter  of  hours  and  minutes— not  of  weeks  and  days.  The  appara- 
tus may  be  installed  at  any  convenient  point  on  the  premises  and  the  chlorine 
piped  to  point  of  application,  even  as  far  as  two  hundred  yards. 

Portability.     The  weight  of  the  apparatus  is  less  than   100  pounds. 

Meters  Hydraulic  in  Principle.  All  chlorine  meters  operate  on  the 
hydraulic  principle.  There  are  no  moving  mechanical  parts  to  cause  fric- 
tion, wear,  or  strain.  If  the  meter  indicates  at  all,  it  indicates  correctly. 

Empirical  Calibration.  The  chlorine  meter  on  every  apparatus  is  empiri- 
cally calibrated,  and  then  checked  during  the  efficiency  test. 

Visibility.  All  chlorine  flow  meters  and  orifices  are  entirely  visible 
making  it  possible  to  actually  see  at  all  times  that  the  meter  is  working 
perfectly  in  every  detail,  and  is  clean  and  free  from  deposit.  This  point 
cannot  be  overemphasized. 

Dry  Control  Parts.  All  control  parts  of  the  apparatus  are  kept  perfectly 
dry,  thus  avoiding  corrosion — for  it  is  only  in  the  presence  of  moisture  that 
chlorine  is  so  extremely  corrosive. 

Constant  Drop  in  Pressure.  Each  type  of  apparatus  has  a  differential 
pressure  reducing  valve  which  maintains  a  constant  drop  in  pressure  across 
the  chlorine  control  valve.  This  produces  a  constant  flow  of  chlorine  for  any 
setting  of  the  control  valve  regardless  of  varying  pressures  in  the  chlorine 
cylinders  or  of  varying  back  pressures  from  the  water  being  treated.  A 
change  in  static  head  in  either  the  system  of  chlorine  apparatus  or  water  in 
no  way  affects  this  predetermined  drop  across  the  control  valve.  This  drop 
being  about  a  pound  allows  a  considerable  opening  of  the  control  valve  for 
comparatively  low  flows  of  chlorine.  Thus,  dangers  of  stoppage  are  mini- 
mized. 

Special  Materials.  Special  metals  and  materials,  such  as  platinum, 
quartz,  silver,  tungsten,  and  alloys  particularly  adapted  for  chlorine  control 
work  are  used  where  best  suited  to  the  needs  in  question. 

Finish.     Parts  are  finished  in  silver  plate  and  black  enamel. 

Interchangeable  Parts.  The  apparatus  is  built  on  the  unit  system  and 
all  parts  are  perfectly  interchangeable. 

Workmanship.  The  highest  class  of  workmanship  is  employed  in 
making  all  parts  of  the  apparatus.  Each  apparatus,  before  shipment,  is 
given  an  actual  chlorine  run  by  experts  who  have  actually  installed  and 
operated  chlorine  plants  on  water  and  sewage  treatment. 

The  various  types  of  apparatus  will  now  be  described  in  detail. 

[6] 


MANUAL   CONTROL   CHLORINATOR 
DIRECT  FEED— TYPE  A 

Chlorine  gas  in  the  cylinder  A  controlled  by  valve  G  is  measured  on 
flow  meter  F  through  the  orifice  0  and  piped  through  tube  K,  check  valve  L, 
and  silver  tube  M,  to  the  point  of  application  where  it  is  dissolved  and 
diffused  by  the  chlorine  diffusor  R.  Any  number  of  chlorine  cylinders  of 
any  size  may  be  connected  up  at  a  time  by  means  of  a  suitable  header. 

The  automatic  three-way  valve  C  is  quite  an  essential  part  of  the 
apparatus  inasmuch  as  it  ensures  a  constant  supply  of  chlorine.  If  a  cylinder 
on  one  side  of  the  valve  becomes  used  up  at  a  time  when  there  is  no  attendant 
present,  the  valve  C  automatically  throws  over,  cutting  in  a  new  cylinder. 
When  the  attendant  sees  the  valve  thrown  over  he  simply  attaches  a  new 
cylinder  of  chlorine  which  in  turn  will  be  cut  in  when  the  second  cylinder  be- 
comes exhausted. 

The  gage  N  has  electrical  contacts  for  ringing  a  bell  if  desired  to  give 
warning  of  any  failure  in  the  flow  of  chlorine  from  the  cylinders.  Gauge  H 
will  instantly  indicate  any  stoppage  in  the  chlorine  line  to  the  water. 

The  chlorine  meter  F  is  of  the  enclosed  manometer  type.  One  side  is 
connected  ahead  of  the  orifice  0  and  the  other  side  after  the  orifice.  The 
drop  in  pressure  across  this  orifice  is  indicated  by  a  column  of  liquid  in  the 
manometer.  The  different  positions  of  the  liquid  indicate  different  flows  of 
chlorine.  This  calibration  is  done  empirically  for  each  apparatus  and  checked 
by  actual  chlorine  flow  when  the  apparatus  is  tested. 

The  orifice  is  visible  so  that  there  need  be  no  doubt  as  to  its  being  per- 
fectly clean.  Being  of  glass,  it  does  not  corrode.  Its  most  accurate  range  is 
from  1-6,  e.  g.  if  the  minimum  graduation  is  5,  the  maximum  is  30.  Should 
it  be  necessary  to  increase  or  decrease  the  capacity  of  the  apparatus  with- 
out affecting  its  sensitiveness,  the  glass  cap  /  is  screwed  off  and  a  larger  or 
smaller  orifice  inserted  and  the  corresponding  scale  attached  on  F. 

The  tubing  K  may  be  of  copper  or  ordinary  galvanized  iron  pipe. 
Chlorine  does  not  attack  these  metals  when  dry.  The  check  valve  L  pre- 
vents any  moisture  from  getting  into  this  pipe.  The  dry  gas  may  be  piped 
most  any  distance  without  danger  of  freezing. 

The  diffusor  R  may  be  dropped  into  a  pump  well,  gate  chamber,  open 
conduit,  or  stream.  In  sewage  disinfection  an  inverted  siphon  arrangement 
as  shown  on  page  27  may  be  used. 

Perfect  solubility  of  the  gas  is  obtained  at  a  depth  of  four  feet,  and  no 

[7] 


gas  will  come  to  the  surface.  The  diffusor  R  is  a  carborundum  sponge  of 
fine  porosity.  This  becomes  saturated  with  water  because  of  the  capillary 
action  of  the  carborundum  upon  the  water.  The  natural  pressure  of  chlorine 
in  the  cylinder  forces  the  chlorine  in  the  most  minute  bubbles  through  the 
carborundum  in  which  passage  they  become  saturated  with  moisture.  When 
they  strike  the  water,  they  go  immediately  into  solution,  not  only  on  account 
of  their  fineness  but  also  because  they  are  already  saturated. 

The  apparatus  illustrated  is  installed  at  the  Smith's  Pond    Pumping 
Station,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.     Its  capacity  is  fifty  million  gallons  daily. 


A — chlorine  cylinders 

J — auxiliary  tank  valve 

B — flexible  connection 

C — automatic  3-way  valve  for  cutting 
out  empty  cylinders  and  cut- 
ting in  full  cylinders  auto- 
matically 

E — pressure  gauge  showing  pressure 
of  chlorine  in  cylinders 

G — control  valve 


D — pressure  compensating  valve  for 
maintaining  a  constant  drop 
in  pressure  across  the  control 
valve  G  regardless  of  the  vary- 
ing pressures  in  the  cylinders 

H — back  pressure  gauge 

F — chlorine  flow  meter  calibrated 
empirically 

O — visible  glass  orifice  through  which 
chlorine  is  measured 


/ — removable  glass  cap  over  orifice  0 

X — chlorine  relief  line 

K — chlorine  line 

L — check  valve 

M — silver  tubing 

R — chlorine  diffusor     (carborundum 

sponge) 
Size — apparatus    mounted    on   board 

18  x  24  inches 


[8] 


MANUAL  CONTROL  CHLORINATOR 
DIRECT   FEED  -  TYPE  A 


[9] 


MANUAL  CONTROL   CHLORINATOR 
DIRECT   FEED— TYPE   B 

The  control  parts  of  this  apparatus  are  the  same  as  in  the  manual  con- 
trol chlorinator,  direct  feed,  Type  A,  described  and  illustrated  on  pages  7-9. 

The  tank  T  acts  as  a  trap  to  prevent  flooding  of  the  chlorine  apparatus 
in  case  of  a  failure  of  the  check  valve  L  at  any  time  when  the  chlorine 
might  be  turned  off.  The  gauge  U  will  instantly  indicate  any  stoppage  in 
chlorine  line  between  apparatus  and  the  water,  or  any  trouble  with  the 
check  valve  L. 

The  nipple  J  is  inserted  in  a  2-inch  or  2J^-inch  tapping.  There  is 
sufficient  space  between  the  gate  of  the  valve  4  and  the  cap  2  to  hold  the 
diffusor  S,  so  that  the  diffusor  may  be  inserted  or  withdrawn  from  the 
main  without  loss  of  water  by  simply  loosening  the  stuffing  box  /,  pulling 
up  diffusor  above  the  gate  4,  closing  the  gate,  and  then  unscrewing  cap  2. 

The  chlorine  gas  bubbles  from  the  diffusor  S  rise  vertically  in  still 
water  at  the  rate  of  24  ft.  per  minute.  In  a  main  where  there  is  flowing 
water,  these  bubbles  are  swept  along  and  diffuse  through  the  water  before- 
reaching  the  top  of  the  main.  This  gives  a  most  excellent  distribution  and 
consequently  most  efficient  disinfection  of  water. 

There  is  also  an  increased  rate  of  solution  of  the  chlorine  because  of 
the  fact  that  the  chlorine  is  introduced  into  the  water  under  pressure,  the 
rate  of  solubility  being  according  to  the  well  known  chemical  law  of  solu- 
bility of  gases  in  liquids  under  pressure. 

By  this  apparatus  chlorine  can  be  introduced  directly  into  the  main 
against  pressures  up  to  twenty-five  pounds. 


A — chlorine  tanks  D — pressure  compensating  valve  for  K — chlorine  line 

J — auxiliary  tank  valve  maintaining  a  constant  drop  in  V — valve 

H — flexible  connection  pressure    across    the    control  T — chlorine  trap  tank 

C — automatic  3-way  valve  for  cut-  valve  G  regardless  of  the  vary-  U — back  pressure  gauge 

ting     in    full     cylinders     and  ing  pressures  in  the  cylinders  M — chlorine  line 

cutting   out    empty   cylinders  C — control  valve  L — check  valve 

automatically  O — visible  glass  orifice  through  which  W — gate  valve 

E — pressure  gauge  showing  pressure  chlorine  is  measured  5 — chlorine  diffusor 

of  chlorine  in  cylinders  / — movable  glass  cap  over  orifice  O  R — water  main 

F — chlorine    flow    meter    calibrated  X — chlorine  relief  line  Size — apparatus    mounted    on  board 
empirically                                                                                                                                     18x24  inches 


[10] 


[11] 


MANUAL   CONTROL   CHLORINATOR 
DIRECT   FEED— TYPE   C 

It  is  sometimes  desirable  or  necessary  to  introduce  the  chlorine  at  two 
different  points  as  in  parallel  conduits  or  mains  or  to  have  an  apparatus  in 
duplicate  drawing  from  one  source  of  chlorine.  The  advantages  of  this  are 
obvious,  especially  where  constant  disinfection  is  an  absolute  necessity. 

By  means  of  a  duplicate  apparatus  as  shown  either  unit  may  be  run 
independently  or  both  may  be  run  at  one  time.  Should  anything  happen 
to  one  unit,  the  other  could  be  used  to  control  the  chlorine  while  the  first 
was  being  repaired.  By  simply  breaking  a  connection  either  unit  can 
be  detached  and  returned  to  the  factory  for  repair  or  replacement. 


A — -chlorine  cylinders 

J — auxiliary  tank  valve 

K — flexible  connection 

C — automatic  3-way  valve  for  cut- 
ting out  empty  cylinders  and 
cutting  in  full  cylinders  au- 
tomatically 

E — pressure  gauge  showing  pressure 
of  chlorine  in  cylinders 

G — control  valve 


D — pressure  compensating  valve  for 
maintaining  a  constant  drop  in 
pressure  across  the  control 
valve  G  regardless  of  the  vary- 
ing pressures  in  the  cylinders 

// — back  pressure  gauge 

F — chlorine  flow  meter  calibrated 
empirically 

O — visible  glass  orifice  through  which 
chlorine  is  measured 


/ — removable  glass  cap  over  orifice  O 

X — chlorine  relief  line 

K — chlorine  line 

L — check  valve 

M — silver  tubing 

R — chlorine    diffusor    (carborundum 

sponge) 
Size — mounted     on     board     24  x  28 

inches 


[12] 


[13] 


AUTOMATIC  CHLORINATOR 
DIRECT   FEED— TYPE  A 

The  control  parts  of  this  apparatus  are  the  same  as  in  the  automatic 
venturi  operated  type  described  and  illustrated  on  pages  16-17. 

The  law  governing  the  discharge  of  liquid  with  varying  head  through 
an  orifice  is  practically  the  same  as  that  for  the  flow  through  a  venturi 
throat.  Hence,  if  this  head  over  the  orifice  is  transmitted  to  suitable  dia- 
phragms in  the  valve  D,  proportional  flows  of  chlorine  and  water  will  be 
obtained — the  same  as  in  the  venturi  operated  automatic  apparatus 
described  on  pages  16-17. 

The  thrust  from  the  float  S  is  transmitted  by  a  diaphragm  in  U  and  a 
capillary  tube  W  to  the  valve  D  where  it  actuates  diaphragms  suitably 
arranged  so  that  the  head  over  the  submerged  orifice  and  the  difference  or 
drop  in  pressure  across  the  chlorine  gas  constriction  in  the  valve  G  are  kept 
proportional.  This  gives  proportional  flows  of  chlorine  for  varying  heads 
over  the  submerged  orifice. 

When  a  weir  is  used  instead  of  a  submerged  orifice,  the  float  51  is  cut 
in  the  right  shape  to  give  the  proper  thrust  to  the  diaphragm  U  for  any 
head  over  the  weir. 

The  chlorine  apparatus  may  be  located  any  distance  desired  from  the 
float  well. 


A — chlorine  cylinders 

J — auxiliary  tank  valve 

B — flexible  connection 

C — automatic  3-way  valve  for  cut- 
ting in  full  cylinders  and  cutting 
out  empty  cylinders  auto- 
matically 

E — pressure  gauge  showing  pressure 
of  chlorine  in  tanks 

F — chlorine  flow  meter  calibrated 
empirically 


pressure  compensating  valve  for 
maintaining  a  constant  drop 
in  pressure  across  the  con- 
trol valve  G  regardless  of  the 
varying  pressures  in  the  cyl- 
inders 

back  pressure  gauge 

visible  glass  orifice  through  which 

chlorine  is  measured 
removable  glass  cap  over  orifice  O 

chlorine  relief  line 


K — chlorine  line 

L — check  valve 

M — silver  tubing 

R — chlorine    diffusor    (carborundum 

sponge) 
S — float 
T — connection 
U — d  iaphragm 
V — relief  valve 
W — capillary  tubing 


[14] 


AUTOMATIC  CONTROL  CHLORINATOR 
DMECT  rCED-TYPt  A 


[15J 


AUTOMATIC    CONTROL   CHLORINATOR 
DIRECT   FEED— TYPE   B 

This  type  of  apparatus  is  designed  to  vary  the  flow  of  chlorine  in 
proportion  to  varying  flows  of  water.  As  shown  in  the  drawing,  it  oper- 
ates in  conjunction  with  a  venturi  throat. 

The  arrangement  of  the  different  parts  of  the  apparatus  and  the  method 
of  securing  solubility  of  the  chlorine  are  the  same  as  in  the  manually  oper- 
ated type  (described  and  illustrated  on  pages  7-9)  and  of  essentially  the 
same  construction  with  the  exception  of  the  automatic  regulating  valve. 
In  this  valve  G  is  a  gas  constriction  of  such  design  that  the  drop  in  pres- 
sure across  it  for  any  flow  of  chlorine  follows  the  same  law  as  the  drop  in 
pressure  across  the  venturi  for  any  flow  of  water.  By  keeping  these  drops 
or  differences  in  pressure  proportional  to  each  other,  a  proportional  flow  of 
chlorine  and  water  is  obtained.  In  other  words,  the  water  is  treated  with 
the  same  proportion  of  chlorine,  no  matter  what  its  flow  at  any  instant. 

Suitable  diaphragms,  one  set  actuated  by  connections  to  the  venturi 
tube  and  another  set  actuated  by  connections  to  the  chlorine  constric- 
tion are  so  connected  to  a  valve  in  the  chlorine  line  that  any  difference  in 
flow  of  either  the  water  or  chlorine  throws  the  diaphragms  out  of  equilib- 
rium, and  there  is  allowed  to  pass  a  greater  or  less  amount  of  chlorine  until 
the  diaphragms  come  again  into  equilibrium. 

This  valve  will  likewise  take  care  of  varying  pressures  of  chlorine  in 
the  cylinders  as  well  as  varying  flows  of  water.  It  also  acts  as  a  differential 
pressure  reducing  valve. 

The  automatic  control  does  not  depend  upon  the  opening  or  closing  of 
a  valve  a  certain  number  of  turns.  Consequently  any  deposit  in  the  valve 
seat  or  any  corrosion  in  no  way  affects  the  accuracy  of  the  control.  There 
are  no  moving  parts  and  no  electrical  or  other  delicate  devices  to  get  out  of 
order  or  adjustment.  All  the  parts  are  self-contained,  absolutely  dry,  and 
away  from  the  danger  of  anyone  interfering  with  them. 

A — tanks  of  chlorine  D — differential    pressure   compensat-  X — chlorine  relief  line 

J — auxiliary  tank  valves  ing  valve  for  maintaining  pro-  K — chlorine  line  to  check  valve 

B — flexible  connection  portional  flows  of  chlorine  and  L — check  valve 

E — pressure  gauge  showing  pressure  water  M — silver  tubing 

of  chlorine  in  cylinders  G — control  valve  R — chlorine  diffusor 

C — automatic  3-way  valve  for  cut-  H — pressure     gauge     showing     back  U — venturi  tube 

ting  out  empty  and  cutting  in  pressure  from  check  valve  L  S-T — water  connections 

full  cylinders  automatically  O — visible  glass  orifice  through  which  W-Z-V — water  valves 

F — chlorine    flow    meter    calibrated  chlorine  is  measured  Size — mounted     on     board     18  x  24 

empirically  / — removable  glass  cap  over   orifice                     inches 

[16] 


AUTOMATIC  CONTR< 
DIRECT  rtEO 

L  CHLOR1HATOR 

-TYPe    ft 

r 

•  4^' 

[17] 


MANUAL   CONTROL   CHLORINATOR 
SOLUTION    FEED— TYPE   A 

Chlorine  gas  in  cylinder  A,  controlled  by  valve  S,  is  introduced  through 
the  check  valve  C  and  meter  J  into  the  chlorine  absorption  chamber  /  and 
water  at  the  same  time  is  introduced  through  the  connection  V.  The  re- 
sulting chlorine  solution  is  piped  through  the  tube  U  to  the  point  of  appli- 
cation. When  the  chlorine  solution  is  introduced  into  a  suction  line  under  a 
negative  head  a  water  seal  N  is  provided  to  prevent  air  being  drawn  into  the 
suction  line. 

In  the  treatment  of  water  a  chlorine  flow  meter,  to  be  reliable,  must 
give  a  constant  rate — not  per  day,  nor  per  hour,  nor  per  minute — but  even 
less  than  per  second,  for  the  obvious  reason  that  the  water  is  flowing  con- 
stantly and  must  receive  its  chlorine  constantly  and  not  intermittently. 

The  chlorine  absorption  chamber  /  and  meter  J  are  made  of  special 
annealed  glass.  They  are  consequently  absolutely  unattacked  by  the 
chlorine  solution.  Furthermore,  the  flow  of  chlorine  can  be  actually  seen 
no  matter  how  small.  A  flow  of  one  pound  of  chlorine  per  twenty-four  hours 
(which  amount  will  treat  300,000  gals,  of  water)  is  a  flow  of  .000694  Ibs. 
per  minute  or  .0000115  Ibs.  per  second.  This  quantity  is  entirely  too  minute 
to  measure  by  any  method  but  a  volumetric  one. 

The  type  meter  used  will  indicate  accurately  from  Vio  Ib.  of  chlorine 
per  24  hrs.  (.00000115  Ibs.  per  second)  up  to  12  Ibs. 

The  operation  of  this  meter  is  fully  described  and  illustrated  on  page  26. 

A  ready  solubility  of  chlorine  is  secured  by  the  action  of  a  water  jet 
which  thoroughly  churns  up  the  chlorine  and  water  in  the  jar. 

The  illustration  shows  the  apparatus  in  operation  at  the  Bridgeton 
(N.  J.)  Filtration  Plant. 


5 — control  valve 

A — chlorine  tank 

B — valve  on  chlorine  tank 

C — auxiliary  valve 

D — flexible  connection 

E — pressure  compensating  valve  for 
taking  care  of  the  varying 
pressures  in  the  chlorine  tank 
and  also  maintaining  a  con- 
stant drop  in  pressure  across 
the  valve  5 


5 — control  valve 

G — valve  to  prevent  moisture  from 
getting  back  into  control  parts 
of  apparatus 

H — valve  to  control  flow  of  water  and 
to  keep  chlorine  out  of  in- 
coming water  connections 

F — pressure  gauge  showing  pressure 
in  tank 

J — chlorine  flow  meter  (inverted 
siphon  type) 


/ — chlorine  absorption  chamber 

/C-L — chlorine  solution  line 

V — water  connection 

P — water  valve 

R — gauge 

0 — water  valve  to  water  seal  N 

T — water  spill 

U — chlorine  solution  line  to  point  of 

application. 
N — water  seal 
Size — apparatus     mounted     in     wall 

cabinet  20x21  inches 


[18] 


MANUAL  CONTROL  CHLORINATOR 
SOLUTION   FEED  -TYPE.  A 


[19] 


MANUAL   CONTROL   CHLORINATOR 
SOLUTION   FEED— TYPE   B 

The  chlorine  control  features  of  this  apparatus  are  the  same  as  those 
of  the  manual  control  chlorinator,  direct  feed,  Type  A,  described  and 
illustrated  on  pages  7-9. 

The  chlorine  gas  in  place  of  being  introduced  into  the  water  through  a 
carborundum  sponge  is  continuously  dissolved  in  a  small  amount  of  water 
and  the  resulting  solution  piped  to  the  point  of  application  through  suitable 
tubing  having  a  grid  or  distributor  on  the  end — if  need  be — for  securing 
proper  distribution. 

Water  under  a  pressure  of  fifteen  pounds  or  more  and  at  the  rate  of 
forty  gallons  to  one  pound  of  chlorine  is  introduced  into  the  solution  tower 
simultaneously  with  the  chlorine.  A  specially  designed  water  jet  gives 
almost  instant  solubility  of  the  chlorine  with  the  water.  The  solution  is 
drawn  off  from  a  point  near  the  bottom  of  the  tower  so  that  it  is  impossible 
for  any  chlorine  in  the  gaseous  state  to  enter  the  water  being  treated. 

The  check  valve  L  is  attached  to  the  top  of  the  casting  at  the  head  of  the 
absorption  chamber  to  prevent  moisture  from  getting  back  into  the  control 
mechanism  of  the  apparatus.  The  glass  jar  T  can  be  very  easily  and  quickly 
removed  for  inspection  of  interior  parts  or  replacement.  The  fact  that  the 
jar  is  of  glass  makes  the  solubility  of  the  chlorine  actually  visible. 

The  system  being  a  closed  one  makes  it  possible  to  pipe  the  chlorine 
solution  a  considerable  distance  without  the  need  of  pumps.  The  chlorine 
measuring  device  and  the  absorption  device  are  separate  independent  units 
and  each  may  be  located  at  any  desired  point. 

The  illustration  shows  the  apparatus  in  operation  at  the  Trenton  (N.  J.) 
Filtration  Plant,  treating  approximately  25,000,000  gallons  of  water  daily. 


A — tanks  of  chlorine  G — chlorine  control  valve  S-R-T — chlorine  absorption  chamber 

J — auxiliary  tank  valves  H — pressure     gauge     showing     back  V — water  connection 

B — flexible  connection  pressure  from  check  valve  L  W — water  control  valve 

E — pressure  gauge  showing  pressure  F — chlorine    flow    meter    calibrated  Y — water  pressure  gauge 

in  chlorine  tanks  empirically  M-U — chlorine  solution  line  to  point 

C — automatic  3-way  valve  for  cut-  O — visible  glass  orifice  through  which  of  application 

ting  out   empty   and   cutting  chlorine  is  measured  S.'z^Chlorine    apparatus     mounted 

in    full    cylinders   of   chlorine  /—removable  glass  cap  over  0  on  board  18  x  24  inches;   solu- 

D— pressure  compensating  valve  for  X — chlorine  relief  line  tjon    tower   on   board    10x26 

maintaining  constant  drop  in  K — chlorine  line  inches 

pressure  across  control  valve  G  L — check  valve 

[20] 


MANUAL  CONTROL  CHLORINATOR 
SOLUTION  FEED -TYPE    B 


[21] 


AUTOMATIC   CONTROL   CHLORINATOR 
SOLUTION    FEED— TYPE   A 


AUTOMATIC  CONTROL  CHLORINATOR 


The  automatic  parts  of  this  apparatus  are  the  same  as  for  the  auto- 
matic control  chlorinator,  direct  feed,  Type  A,  described  on  pages  14-15, 
and  the  method  of  securing  the  solution  of  the  gas  the  same  as  for  the  manu- 
ally operated  chlorinator,  solution  feed,  Type  B,  described  on  pages  20-21. 


A  — tanks  of  chlorine 

J — auxiliary  tank  valves 

B — flexible  connection 

E — pressure  gauge  showing  pressure 
in  chlorine  tanks 

C — automatic  3-way  valve  for  cut- 
ting out  empty  and  cutting  in 
full  cylinders  of  chlorine  auto- 
matically 

D — pressure  compensating  valve  for 
maintaining  constant  drop  in 
pressure  across  control  valve  C 

G — chlorine  control  valve 


H — pressure  gauge  showing  back 
pressure  from  check  valve  L 

F — chlorine  flow  meter  calibrated 
empirically 

O — visible  glass  orifice  through  which 
chlorine  is  measured 

/ — removable  glass  cap 

X — chlorine  relief  line 

K. — chlorine  line 

L — check  valve 

S-R-T — chlorine  absorption  chamber 

V — water  connection 

W — water  control  valve 

[22] 


Y — water  pressure  gauge 

A/-C7 — chlorine  solution  line  to  point 
of  application 

Z, — capillary  tubing 

i — relief  valve 

2 — diaphragm 

3 — connection 

4 — float 

Size — chlorine  apparatus  mounted  on 
board  18  x  24  inches;  solution 
tower  on  board  10  x  26  inches 


AUTOMATIC   CONTROL  CHLORINATOR 
SOLUTION  FEED— TYPE   B 


The  chlorine  control  parts  of  this  apparatus  are  the  same  as  for  the 
automatic  control  chlorinator,  direct  feed,  Type  B,  described  on  pages  16-17. 
The  method  of  securing  the  .solution  of  the  gas  is  the  same  as  for  the  manu- 
ally operated  chlorinator,  solution  feed,  Type  B,  described  on  pages  20-21. 


A — tanks  of  chlorine 

J — auxiliary  tank  valves 

B — flexible  connection 

E — pressure  gauge  showing  pressure 
in  chlorine  tanks 

C — automatic  3-way  valve  for  cut- 
ting out  empty  cylinders  and 
cutting  in  full  cylinders  of 
chlorine 

D — pressure  compensating  valve  for 
maintaining  constant  drop  in 
pressure  across  control  valve  G 


G — chlorine  control  valve 

H — pressure     gauge     showing     back 

pressure  from  check  valve  L 
F — chlorine    flow    meter    calibrated 

empirically 
O — visible  glass  orifice  through  which 

chlorine  is  measured 
/ — removable  glass  cap  over  O 
A" — chlorine  relief  line 
K — chlorine  line 
L — check  valve 
S-R-T — chlorine  absorption  chamber 


V — water  connection 

W — water  control  valve 

Y — water  pressure  gauge 

M-U — chlorine  solution  line  to  point 
of  application 

2.- 1-2 — water  valves 

3-4 — water  connection 

Size — chlorine  apparatus  mounted  on 
board  18  x  24  inches:  solution 
tower  on  board  10x26  inches 


[23] 


APPARATUS   WITH    CHLORINE   SOLUTION 

PUMP 


CHLORINE  SOLUTION  PUMP 


This  chlorine  control  and  absorption  device  is  the  same  as  the  regular 
solution  feed,  Type  A  apparatus.  It  is  often  desirable  or  necessary  for 
many  reasons  to  introduce  chlorine  into  the  main  under  pressure.  The 
ordinary  pump,  either  of  bronze  or  vulcanite,  is  unsatisfactory  for  this  use 
for  the  reason  that  the  chlorine  under  pressure  has  an  extremely  corrosive 
action  on  certain  materials  usually  employed  in  pump  construction  and 
particularly  upon  stuffing  boxes. 

The  solution  pump  developed  is  a  diaphragm  pump  operated  by  an  oil 
piston.  The  inlet  and  outlet  valves  are  of  pure  silver,  easily  replaceable  in 
case  of  wear.  The  interior  of  the  pump  also  is  lined  throughout  with  pure 
silver.  There  is  absolutely  no  chlorine  solution  coming  in  contact  with  any 
stuffing  box. 

The  diagram  shows  the  pump  being  driven  by  electric  motor,  but  the 
same  pump  may  be  operated  with  a  water  motor. 

[24] 


Chlorine  solution  measured  by  the  chlorine  regulating  device  is  in- 
troduced into  the  water  seal.  This  water  seal  is  to  prevent  air  from  being 
drawn  into  the  pump  and  also  is  of  a  design  which  keeps  the  chlorine  solution 
away  from  the  atmosphere,  so  there  is  no  escape  of  chlorine  into  the  air. 

The  tubing  7  into  the  main  is  of  pure  silver  and  the  other  parts  of  the 
apparatus  are  of  special  materials  particularly  adapted  for  the  chlorine  con- 
trol work.  This  solution  pump  may  be  connected  up  to  any  chlorine  device 
and,  of  course,  can  be  made  in  any  capacity.  It  will  operate  against  any 
pressure. 


.4 — chlorine  cylinders 

B — tank  valve 

C — auxiliary  valve  on  tank 

D — flexible  connection 

E — pressure  compensating  valve  for 
maintaining  a  constant  drop 
in  pressure  across  the  control 
valve  5  regardless  of  the  vary- 
ing pressures  in  the  cylinders 

F — pressure  gauge  showing  pressure 
of  chlorine  in  cylinders 


5 — control  valve 

G — check  valve 

H — water  inlet  regulator 

/ — chlorine  absorption  chamber 

/ — chlorine   meter    (inverted    siphon 

type) 

K — chlorine  solution  outlet 
L-M — connections 
P-O — water  valves 
Q — screen 
R — pressure  gauge 


/ — float 

2 — water  seal  for  solution  line  3-4 

5 — solution  pump 

6 — solution  line  to  water  main 

7 — silver  distributor 

8 — pressure  main 

Size — chlorine  apparatus  mounted  on 
board  20  x  21  inches;  water 
seal,  pump,  and  motor 
12  x  20  x4S  inches 


[25] 


DESCRIPTION   OF   PULSATING   METER 


L 


The  meter  A  in  the  chlorine  absorption  chamber  is  shown  in  detail  and 
principle  in  the  accompanying  drawing.  View  X  shows  the  water  level  2 
in  the  meter  at  the  beginning  of  the  pulsation,  and  view  Y  shows  the  water 
level  2  just  before  the  siphon  C-G  breaks  at  D,  which  completes  one  pul- 
sation of  the  meter. 

Its  operation  is  as  follows.  When  the  downward  flowing  gas  in  A 
reaches  the  point  D,  it  will  rush  up  through  the  tube  G  of  the  siphon,  and 

the  bell  or  compartment  B  will  refill  with 
water  up  to  the  upper  end  of  C.  This 
completes  one  pulsation  or  measure  of  the 
meter,  and  the  amount  of  gas  delivered  by 
this  one  pulsation  is,  of  course,  the  capacity 
of  the  compartment  B  between  the  points 
F  and  D. 

This  is  a  volumetric  meter,  hydraulic  in 
principle,  and  if  it  operates  at  all  it  must 
operate  correctly.  Its  reading  is  accurate 
from  a  minimum  of  Vio  Ib.  to  a  maximum 
of  12  Ibs.  per  24  hours. 

All  the  openings  are  large  so  that  there 
is  no  danger  of  stoppage.     All  parts  are  of 
glass,  which  is  in  no  way  affected    by  the 
chlorine  solution.       Furthermore,  this  plan 
X  V  of  construction    enables    the    attendant    to 

actually  see  the  chlorine  flowing,  no  matter  how  small  the  amount.     This 
point  is  essential  in  reliable  chlorine  control  work. 

One  pulsation  of  the  meter  gives  100  milligrams  or  1/is34  Ibs.  (.00022 
Ibs.).  By  simply  timing  the  number  of  pulsations  per  minute,  and  using  the 
chart  of  operation  described  and  illustrated  on  pages  28-29,  the  desired 
flow  of  chlorine  can  be  easily  and  accurately  set. 


[26] 


TYPICAL  LAYOUT  OF  AUTOMATIC 
CHLORINATOR  FOR  SEWAGE   DISPOSAL  PLANT 


r-D//7i/3'df?  Cfo/T&f. 


SECTION  B-B 


PLAN 


POINT    OF    APPLICATION     MARKED     (X) 

The  various  parts  of  this  chlorine  layout  are  essentially  the  same  as 
in  the  automatic  chlorinator,  direct  feed,  Type  A,  described  and  illustrated 
on  pages  14-15. 

The  chlorine  diffusion  chamber  as  shown  above  gives  excellent  and 
ready  diffusion  of  the  gas  and  sewage.  The  sewage  flowing  down  the  right 
hand  side  of  the  invert  meets  and  thoroughly  diffuses  the  chlorine  rising 
from  the  chlorine  diffusor.  And  before  the  sewage  reaches  the  top  of  the 
invert  it  is  thoroughly  mixed  with  the  chlorine,  the  result  being  most 
efficient  disinfection. 


[27] 


CHART  OF  OPERATION 

In  the  treatment  of  water  with  chlorine,  the  quantities  added  are 
usually  expressed  in  parts  chlorine  per  million  parts  water  by  weight. 
Since  a  gallon  of  water  weighs  8.3  Ibs.,  one  part  chlorine  per  million  parts 
water  is  equivalent  to  8.3  Ibs.  chlorine  per  million  gallons  of  water. 

The  chart  of  operation  furnished  with  each  apparatus  provides  a 
simple  and  accurate  means  for  determining  the  number  of  pounds  chlorine 
per  24  hours  to  add  to  any  quantity  of  water  to  give  a  desired  number  of 
parts  per  million. 

For  example,  it  is  desired  to  treat  two  million  gallons  of  water  with 
.24  parts  chlorine  per  million  parts  water.  From  the  intersection  of  the 
vertical  line  from  the  figure  2  at  the  bottom  of  the  chart  with  the  hori- 
zontal line  from  the  figure  .24  at  the  left  side  of  the  chart,  follow  the  oblique 
line  to  the  right  hand  side  of  the  chart.  The  figure  here  is  4,  which  is  the 
number  of  pounds  chlorine  necessary  to  add  to  two  million  gallons  of  water 
in  24  hours  to  give  .24  parts  per  million. 

These  charts  are  made  for  any  flow  of  water,  and  the  graduations  on 
the  right  and  upper  sides  of  the  chart  are  the  same  as  on  the  orifice  flow 
meter  of  the  apparatus. 

When  the  siphon  type  meter  is  used,  its  rate  of  delivery  is  determined 
by  the  scale  at  the  top  of  the  opposite  page,  the  pounds  chlorine  desired 
being  read  from  left  to  right  on  the  upper  scale,  and  time  per  pulsation  or 
measure  of  the  siphon  in  seconds  being  read  from  right  to  left  on  the  lower 
scale. 

For  example,  it  is  desired  to  treat  two  million  gallons  per  24  hours  with 
.24  parts  of  chlorine.  Find  on  the  chart  as  above  described  the  number  of 
pounds  chlorine,  which  in  this  instance  is  4.  On  the  upper  scale,  reading 
from  left  to  right,  find  the  figure  4,  and  directly  under  it  is  the  figure  5.7, 
which  is  the  number  of  seconds  for  one  pulsation  or  measure  of  the  meter 
to  give  the  required  feed.  This  can  be  read  in  measures  per  minute  by 
simply  dividing  60  by  5.7,  which  gives  10.5,  the  number  of  measures  per 
minute. 

Any  workman  of  ordinary  intelligence  can  properly  set  the  apparatus 
by  means  of  this  simple  chart  of  operation. 


[28] 


CHLORINE— POUNDS  PER  24  HOURS 
<a    035  o*  IMS  as     o*    a?   o«  as  i.o  u  u  u  1.4 1.5          zp        2.5      so    is  40  41  V     u     70   w  so  10 


Ifflllllllll  Nil  Mill 

b    >*>   60     lO       LO        if  45    40     3.5       3O 


SECONDS  PER  PULSATION 


CHLORINE— POUNDS  PER  24  HOURS 


20     10    18    17    16      JS      14 


PJ 

g 

O 
>i 
S 

i 


Jfl 

tq 


§ 


j.O  2.0 

WATER— MILLION  GALLONS  PER  24  HOURS 


[29] 


A  WORKING  TEST  AT  STAMFORD 

During  May,  1913,  the  Stamford  Water  Company,  Stamford,  Conn., 
installed  an  automatic  direct  feed  chlorine  control  apparatus.  From  the 
very  beginning  the  weights  of  chlorine  actually  used,  determined  by  weighing 
the  chlorine  cylinders  daily  on  a  set  of  scales,  and  the  amount  of  chlorine 


desired  checked  within  5%.  Readings  taken  on  the  chlorine  meter  and  on 
the  venturi  meter  showed  that  the  apparatus  was  working  properly  and 
neither  overdosing  with  chlorine  on  low  water  flows  nor  underdosing  on  high 
water  flows.  There  was  never  any  lag  in  the  dosing.  In  fact,  the  chlorine 
apparatus  was  quicker  to  respond  to  changes  in  water  flow  than  the  venturi 
meter. 

On  March  31,  1915,  nearly  two  years  after  the  apparatus  had  been  in 
constant  operation,  the  water  company  ran  a  twenty-four-hour  efficiency 
test  on  the  apparatus.  The  data  resulting  from  this  test  are  shown  in  the 
following  chart  and  table.  It  is  believed  that  the  results  speak  for  them- 
selves. Attention  is  particularly  directed  to  the  fact  that  the  apparatus 
accurately  controlled  the  flow  of  chlorine  regardless  of  varying  tempera- 
ture and  varying  pressure  in  the  chlorine  cylinders. 

The  temperature  in  the  chlorine  house  was  intentionally  raised  from 
50°  F.  to  85°  F.  to  determine  this  very  question.  With  the  change  in  tem- 
perature, the  pressure  in  the  chlorine  cylinders  went  from  40  Ibs.  to  67  Ibs., 

[30] 


•"so  — 


12  14 

IN      HOURS 

EFFICIENCY  TEST  ON  CHLORINE  APPARATUS 
AUTOMATIC  CONTROL 

MADE   MARCH  31, 1915- BY   STAMFORD  WATER   CO.  -  STAMFORD  CONN. 

[31] 


EFFICIENCY  TEST  AT  AUTOMATIC  CHLORINE  PLANT,  STAMFORD,  CONNECTICUT 

MARCH    31 — APRIL    1,    1915 


TIME 

CHLORINE 

Room 
Tempera- 
ture 
Degrees  F. 

WATER 

Flow  Mete 
Ibs.  per 

24  hrs. 

Correct 
flow  Ibs. 
per  24  hrs. 

Tank 

Pressure 
Ibs. 

Back 
Pressure 

Ibs. 

Weight 
Ibs. 

Flow   Mil- 
lion gals, 
per  24  hrs. 

Venturi 
Register 

p.  M.    2:10 

15.0 

15.4 

40 

15 

268.75 

50 

4.60 

232855 

2:30 

18.0 

17.8 

40 

15.5 

50 

5.30 

3:00 

14.6 

15.0 

39 

15 

50 

4.50 

232872 

3:30 

14.1 

14.0 

39 

15 

50 

4.20 

4:00 

13.8 

13.6 

39 

15 

50 

4.10 

232882 

4:30 

14.3 

14.4 

39 

15 

267.25 

50 

4.30 

5:00 

14.0 

14.4 

39 

15 

50 

4.32 

232909 

5:30 

12.8 

12.6 

39 

15 

52 

3.80 

6:00 

14.2 

13.8 

39 

15 

1  266.0 

60 

4.15 

232926 

6:30 

12.2 

12.6 

45 

15 

317.25 

60 

3.80 

7:00 

13.2 

13.2 

46 

15 

56 

4.05 

232942 

7:30 

12.1 

11.6 

46 

15 

64 

3.50 

8:00 

12.2 

11.8 

47 

15 

65 

3.58 

232956 

8:30 

9.2 

9.2 

47 

14.5 

65 

2.82 

9:00 

9.2 

9.4 

50 

14.5 

316.0 

67 

2.85 

232969 

9:30 

11.2 

11.2 

50 

15 

68 

3.35 

10:00 

9.0 

8.6 

50 

14.5 

69 

2.60 

232982 

10:30 

8.0 

8.2 

52 

14.5 

70 

2.50 

11:00 

7.5 

6.8 

52 

14.5 

315.0 

71 

2.15 

232994 

11:30 

8.0 

8.6 

55 

14.5 

72 

2.60 

12:00 

7.2 

7.0 

56 

14.5 

74 

2.10 

232005 

12:30 

6.2 

6.2 

59  x 

14.6 

78 

1.87 

A.  M.   1  :00               9.0 

8.4 

63 

14.5 

83 

2.55 

233014 

1  :30                 7.0 

6.4 

63 

14.2 

314.25 

84 

1.92 

233019 

2:00 

9.0 

8.8 

67 

14.5 

85 

2.62 

2:30 

8.5 

8.2 

66 

14.5 

80 

2.45 

233029 

3:00 

9.0 

8.4 

66 

14.5 

313.50 

80 

2.55 

3:30 

7.0 

6.4 

66 

14.5 

79 

1.95 

233038 

4:00 

7.2 

7.0 

66 

14.5 

79 

2.15 

4:30 

8.0 

7.2 

66 

14.5 

78 

2.20 

233048 

5:00 

9.5 

8.8 

66 

14.5 

77                    2.65 

5:30 

8.5 

8.0 

66 

14.5 

313.00 

77                    2.40 

233058 

6:00 

9.2 

9.2 

66 

14.7 

76                   2.80 

233064 

6:30 

11.5 

11.0 

66 

14.7 

74 

3.35 

7:00 

13.5 

13.0 

66 

15 

74 

3.90 

233079 

7:30 

14.2 

13.6 

66 

15.5 

73                   4.10 

8:00 

16.0 

15.0 

66 

15.5 

70 

4.50 

233099 

8:30 

20.0 

17.8 

66 

16.2 

311.00 

68 

5.25 

9:00 

19.5 

17.8 

66 

16.2 

66 

5.30 

233120 

9:30 

19.0 

17.6 

66 

15.7 

66 

5.20 

10:00 

17.7 

16.2 

66 

15.5 

65 

4.85 

233140 

10:30 

16.2 

16.4 

66 

15.5 

309.50 

66 

4.90 

11:00 

19.0 

18.0 

66 

16.0 

66 

5.35 

233161 

11:30 

16.5 

15.6 

66 

15.7 

67 

4.70 

12:00 

14.6 

13.6 

66 

15.2 

68 

4.10 

233180 

12:30 

13.2 

12.4 

66 

15.0 

308.50 

67 

4.75 

1>.  M.     1  :00 

16.2 

15.0 

66 

15.5 

67 

4.55 

233199 

1:30 

16.7 

15.8 

66 

15.5 

66 

4.75 

2:00 

17.0 

16.0 

66 

15.7 

66 

4.80 

233221 

2:30 

19.0 

18.2 

66 

16.0 

307.00 

66 

5.35 

3:00 

16.9 

15.0 

66 

15.5 

306.50 

67 

4.50 

233238 

tNew  tank  of  chlorine  attached 

SUMMARY 

Water  treated 

Actual  weight  of  chlorine  used 

Amount  of  chlorine  desired  at  .4  parts  per  million  parts  water     . 


3,830,000  gals. 

12.75  Ibs. 

12.76  Ibs. 


[32] 


which  made  the  effective  pressure,  or  the  difference  between  the  tank 
pressure  and  back  pressure,  vary  from  25  Ibs.  to  52.5  Ibs. — a  difference  of 
over  100%. 

The  variations  in  the  water  flows  were  very  sharp,  as  shown  in  the 
venturi  curve,  which  is  an  exact  reproduction  of  the  water  flow  curve  for  the 
time  the  test  was  run. 

For  the  opinion  of  the  water  company  on  the  apparatus,  reference  is 
made  to  the  letter  of  Mr.  Hatch,  manager  of  the  Stamford  Water  Company, 
printed  on  page  34. 


[33] 


REPORTS  OF  EXPERIENCE 


NEW   HAVEN    WATER    COMPANY, 
NEW    HAVEN,    CONN. 

April  27,  igis. 

Wallace  &  Tiernan  Co.,  Inc. 
Gentlemen: 

In  February,  1914,  we  installed  an  automatic 
chlorine  sterilizer  controlled  by  a  30  x  10" 
Venturi  meter  tube  treating  a  flow  of  from  7  to 
12  million  gallons  per  day.  At  this  time  we  had 
much  construction  work  being  carried  on  above 
the  Reservoir,  and  regarded  the  installation  of 
this  apparatus  as  very  essential  in  safeguarding 
our  supply  from  the  possibility  of  pollution  from 
this  source. 

Since  that  time  the  apparatus  has  been  in  con- 
stant use.  For  about  five  weeks  we  kept  a  daily 
analysis  of  the  results,  and  later  a  weekly  analy- 
sis of  both  the  treated  and  untreated  water.  We 
have  removed  from  85%  to  90%  of  bacteria,  and 
have  had  no  coli  present  in  the  water  after  treat- 
ment. The  rate  varies  from  .1  to  .4  parts  per 
million,  and  has  cost  us  during  the  year  an  aver- 
age of  20  cents  per  million  gallons.  No  additional 
labor  has  been  required.  An  inspection  of  the 
machine  is  made  daily  and  its  operation  has  been 
entirely  satisfactory.  Small  mechanical  troubles 
have  developed,  as  is  likely  in  any  new  machine, 
but  these  have  been  remedied  by  your  Company, 
so  that  the  operation  of  the  machine  has  given  us 
but  very  little  trouble.  In  1914  we  treated  2J^ 
billion  gallons  of  water. 

We  consider  the  apparatus  to  greatly  increase 
the  safety  of  our  supply,  and  take  pleasure  in 
offering  you  this  testimonial. 

NEW  HAVEN  WATER  COMPANY, 
EDWARD  MINOR,  Superintendent. 


STAMFORD    WATER   COMPANY, 
571    MAIN   STREET, 
STAMFORD,    CONN. 

April  18,  1015 

Wallace  &  Tiernan  Co.,  Inc. 
Dear  Sirs: 

Your  letter  of  the  8th  received.     I  am  glad  to 
report  that  your  automatic  chlorine  gas  machine 

[34 


operated  from  a  venturi  tube  has  given  us  very 
good  service.  It  has  now  been  in  use  over  a  year, 
and  at  times  has  run  as  long  as  six  months 
without  any  adjustments. 

We  find  it  a  great  saving  over  hypochlorite 
treatment,  as  we  can  treat  the  water  with  gas  at 
a  cost  per  million  gallons  of  from  twenty-five  to 
fifty  cents,  according  to  the  amount  of  gas  used 
and  have  no  trouble  with  governing  the  amount 
of  gas  used.  We  consider  that  there  is  no  com- 
parison between  hypochlorite  and  chlorine  gas, 
as  the  gas  is  so  far  ahead  of  the  hypochlorite 
solution.  With  the  gas  you  have  a  known 
amount  of  chlorine,  and  with  the  lime  it  is  un- 
known, as  the  lime  varies  in  strength,  and  if  the 
lime  is  not  properly  mixed  every  time  a  new  tank 
is  made  up,  you  do  not  get  the  same  amount  of 
chlorine  out  of  the  lime.  You  also  have  trouble 
with  the  sludge  left  over  from  the  lime,  which 
makes  the  labor  cost  very  high  and  keeps  the 
plant  very  dirty,  while  with  the  gas  everything  is 
clean  unless  you  get  some  leaks. 

Your  apparatus  is  certainly  a  wonderful  little 
machine  and  controls  the  gas  at  any  flow. 

EDWARD  L.  HATCH,  General  Manager. 


WASHINGTON    COUNTY    WATER    COMPANY, 
HAGERSTOWN,    MD. 

July  22,  1914. 

Wallace  &  Tiernan  Co.,  Inc. 
Gentlemen: 

We  are  very  much  pleased  with  the  liquid 
chlorine  plant  installed  by  you  at  our  reservoir  in 
the  Mountain. 

We  have  been  using  it  for  about  two  months, 
and  have  found  its  operation  simple  and  accu- 
rate, and  results  in  treatment  of  water  very 
satisfactory. 

You  certainly  have  designed  a  simple  appa- 
ratus, easily  understood  and  handled  by  the  lay- 
man with  good  results. 

WASHINGTON  COUNTY  WATER  Co. 
ALBERT  HEARD,  General  Manager. 


JOHN    F.    MEYER    &    SONS    MILLING   CO., 

SPRINGFIELD,    MO. 

April  22,  1915 

Wallace  &  Tiernan  Co.,  Inc. 
Gentlemen: 

We  have  been  using  your  apparatus  for  the 
control  of  chlorine  for  several  months  past  and 
we  do  not  hesitate  in  saying  that  it  does  every- 
thing you  claim  for  it,  namely,  it  positively  and 
accurately  controls  the  flow  of  chlorine.  It  has 
given  us  entire  satisfaction. 

JOHN  F.  MEYER  &  SONS  MILLING  Co. 

THE  TORRINGTON  WATER  COMPANY, 

TORRINGTON,  CONN. 

December  17,  1914 

Wallace  &  Tiernan  Co.,  Inc. 
Dear  Sirs: 

The  chlorine  device  appears  to  be  working 
perfectly. 

Please  quote  on  two  more,  same  type. 
THE  TORRINGTON  WATER  COMPANY. 

F.  M.  TRAVIS,  Superintendent. 


THE    SCRANTON   GAS   &   WATER   CO. 

SCRANTON,    PA. 

April  28,  1915. 

Wallace  &  Tiernan  Co.,  Inc. 
Gentlemen: 

We  have  one  of  your  chlorine  machines  now 
which  has  been  in  service  a  year,  and  two  others 
for  shorter  periods  of  time.  All  are  giving  excel- 
lent satisfaction.  The  machines  feed  with 
surprising  accuracy  and  constancy,  one  of  them 
being  now  in  its  sixtieth  month  of  continuous 
running  without  having  been  touched  other  than 
for  the  replacement  of  empty  chlorine  cylinders. 
We  find  the  liquid  chlorine  treatment  a  great 
improvement  in  every  way  over  the  hypochlorite 
method.  So  far,  in  our  experience  with  the 
Wallace  &  Tiernan  machine  we  have  had  less 
trouble  than  we  have  in  our  hypochlorite  plants 
with  blocked  and  corroded  pipes. 

We  are  so  well  satisfied  that  we  are  adding 
three  more  machines  this  spring. 

SCRANTON  GAS  &  WATER  Co. 
GEORGE  R.  TAYLOR,  Chemist. 


NEW    BRUNSWICK,    N.    J. 

July  20,  1914 

Wallace  &  Tiernan  Co.,  Inc. 
Gentlemen: 

Just  a  line  to  say  that  the  liquid  chlorine  appa- 
ratus that  was  installed  by  you  at  our  Pumping 
Station  at  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  for  treating 
the  water  with  liquid  chlorine  is  very  satisfactory. 

The  apparatus  is  working  finely,  and  we  are 
not  having  any  trouble  with  the  same. 

FERD.  W.  STAHLIN,  Superintendent. 

AMERICAN  WATER  WORKS  &  ELECTRIC  CO., 
50    BROAD    STREET, 

NEW    YORK   CITY. 

April  20,  1915 
Wallace  &  Tiernan  Co.,  Inc. 
Gentlemen: 

We  are  pleased  to  say  that  the  three  pieces  of 
manually  operated  apparatus  for  feeding  chlorine 
gas,  purchased  from  you,  are  now  in  successful 
operation.     The  first  of  these  installations  was 
made  about  six  months  ago.    We  have  no  reason 
to  criticize  the  bacterial  efficiency  obtained  by 
the  apparatus,  and  there  have  been  no  complaints 
on  account  of  taste  in  the  water. 
AMERICAN  WATER  WORKS  &  ELECTRIC  Co., 
GEORGE  W.  BIGGS,  JR.,  Chief  Engineer. 

[35 


TYPHOID  AND  THE  CHLORINATION  OF 
THE  WATER  SUPPLY 

[Translation    from   the   Periodico   Diario   de   la 
Marina,  Havana,  December  11,  1914] 

Dr.  Guiteras,  the  Director  of  Sanitation,  has 
reported  upon  the  results  accomplished  by  Dr. 
Libredo  at  the  Palatino  Reservoir,  as  shown  by 
bacteriological  tests  of  the  Vento  water  supply. 
A  great  diminution  in  microbes  is  demonstrated 
to  have  taken  place  since  the  inauguration  of 
purification  by  liquid  chlorine. 

The  Vento  water  was  tested  by  cultivation  in 
Petri  dishes,  colonies  of  bacteria  in  one  cubic 
centimeter  being  counted  as  follows: 
Before  chlorination: 


Colonies  in  1  cc. 

24  hours 
48  hours 
72  hours 
96  hours 


After  chlorination: 


Colonies  in  1  cc. 

24  hours 
48  hours 
72  hours 
96  hours 


400 
600 
600 
600 


10 
12 

24 
44 


These  figures  show  that  the  purification  by 
liquid  chlorine  is  giving  satisfactory  results. 
There  is  also  a  decrease  in  the  incidence  of 
typhoid  fever,  of  which  but  one  hundred  cases 
now  exist  in  Havana. 


. 

'•;•».  k.  »      c     J 


CHLORINE  DATA 

Chlorine  [xXopos  =  green]  a  greenish  yellow  gas,  easily  compressed  to  a  liquid,  was  discovered  in 
1774  by  Scheele,  a  Swedish  Chemist.  Atomic  weight  35.45,  Molecular  weight  70.9,  Vapor  density 
35.8,  Liquifies  at  -33.6°  C  (-28.5°  F),  Solidifies  at  -102°  C  (-151.36°  F).  Under  pressure  of  6 
atmospheres  liquifies  at  0°  C  (32°  F). 


GREES  FAHRENHEIT 

JS  §  c!  S  8  §  s 

40 

^ 

^ 

X 

X* 

30 

X 

> 

0 

or 

/ 

X 

7 

X 

0 

<n 

> 

u. 
OC 
O 

/ 

X 

ILI  40 
O 

u 
o 

0    Z 

/ 

' 

TEMPERATURE 

^  f\j  1  f\j  L 

i  O  O  O  O  O  C 

k. 

a 

/ 

CUF 

VE. 
VSA 

5HO\ 
TV 

VINC 
OF 

.RIOl 

PRE 
1ST 

ssu 

IMP 

RF 

EMPERAT 

/ 

CHL 

OFW 

EG> 

ERA 

TUR 

FS 

/ 

—*- 

D    2C 

^     3 

0       A 

0      50      6O      70      80      9O      K)O      110      120      1. 
PRESSURE  IN  POUNDS  PER  SdUARE  INCH 

o    u 

0      1! 

0      If 

>O      17 

/ 

/ 

/JO 

WEIGHTS  OF  CHLORINE 


DATUM 

GASEOUS  CHLORINE 

LIQUID  CHLORINE 

Specific  gravity 
Weight  of  1  liter 
Weight  of  1  cubic  foot 
Weight  of  1  gallon 

2.49  (Air=l) 
3.167  grams 
0.198  pounds 
0.026  pounds 

1.44  (Water  =1) 
1440  grams 
89.752  pounds 
11.999  pounds 

One  volume  of  liquid  chlorine  is  equivalent  to  444.4  volumes  of  chlorine  gas. 
SOLUBILITY  OF  CHLORINE 


TEMPERATURE 

SOLUBILITY  RATIO  BY 
VOLUME 

POUNDS  OF  CHLORINE  SOLUBLE 
IN  ONE  MILLION  GALLONS 
OF  WATER 

C° 

F° 

0 
10 
30 

32 
50 

88 

1.5 
3.0 
1.8 

20,000 
40,000 
24,000 

One  part  per  million  =  8.34  pounds  per  million  gallons  of  water  =  0.058  grains  per  gallon.     One 
grain  per  gallon=  17.12  parts  per  million  =  142.86  pounds  per  million  gallons  of  water. 

[36] 


4*1;  fy 

I 

''i"'?V'^ 


Gaylord  Bros. 

Makers 

Syracuse,  N.  Y. 
PUT.  JAN.  21, 1908 


VF  01056 


U.C.  BERKELEY  LIBRARIES 


CD3flS713S7 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


